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Introduction: Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for patients with end-stage kidney diseases. Quality and longevity of life are better with kidney transplant than chronic dialysis. Kidney paired donation and ABO incompatible kidney transplant (ABOiKT) are among the strategies to expand the living donor pool to overcome shortage of organs. Although first ABOiKT done in 1951 by Hume et al. was an unsuccessful attempt;Alexander et al. in 1987, proposed desensitization protocol with successful ABOiKT. Advancements in desensitization protocols have resulted in increasing success with ABOiKT. In developing countries like India, numbers of ABOiKT are steadily increasing. Aim of this study was to assess short term outcome of ABOiKT and their comparison with ABO compatible kidney transplant (ABOcKT). Method(s): This was a single center prospective observational study done over a period of 2 years. All the living donor kidney transplants including both ABOcKT and ABOiKT done between September 2020 to August 2021 at Jaslok Hospital and Research Center, Mumbai were included in this study. All ABOiKT recipients underwent pre-transplantation desensitization with injection rituximab and plasmapheresis. Pretransplant isoagglutinin titer of <= 1 : 8 was considered acceptable. Inj. Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) (1mg/kg), Inj. Anti-T lymphocyte globulin (ATLG) (3 to 5 mg/kg) or Inj. Basiliximab (20mg 2 doses 4 days apart) was used as induction agent. Triple immunosuppression regimen of prednisolone, tacrolimus and mycofenolate mofetil was started 7 days prior to transplant in ABOiKT and 2 days prior to transplant in ABOcKT and continued in post-transplant period. Valganciclovir was given to all patients for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection prophylaxis for 6 months. All the transplant recipients were followed up at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after transplant and in between when clinically indicated. Data collected was analyzed at the end of 1 year for outcomes of rejection episodes, graft dysfunction, graft loss, infections and death. Result(s): Total 95 patients were included in study, 29 (30.5%) out of them were ABOiKT recipients. Mean (SD) age of study population was 37.8 (+/- 10.5) years. Blood group B to B was the most common ABOcKT and B to O was the most common ABOiKT. Highest baseline isoagglutinin titer was 1:1024.There was no significant difference for rejection episodes, graft dysfunction, graft loss and death in ABOiKT and ABOcKT groups. Urinary tract infection was the most common infection in post-transplant period. COVID-19 was most common viral infection followed by CMV infection. Bacterial infections and overall infections were significantly higher in ABOiKT recipients (p value 0.001 and 0.006 respectively) but severe infections requiring hospitalizations and ICU care were not significantly higher. Two deaths occurred during our study, one in each group. One death was related to COVID-19 infection and second was because of pulmonary mucormycosis. Conclusion(s): Contrary to belief, ABOiKT has non inferior short term outcomes when compared with ABOcKT. Though in our study, bacterial infections were significantly higher in ABOiKT recipients, severe infections requiring hospitalization and ICU care were not increased. ABO incompatible kidney transplantation is an effective modality to increase donor pool and can be applied more widely. No conflict of interestCopyright © 2023
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SESSION TITLE: Unusual Pneumonias SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 1:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important infectious organism in the morbidity and mortality of immunocompromised patients. CMV is a known cause of pneumoina in transplant patients, such as lung transplant recepients. Pneumocytis Jiroveci Pneumonia (PCP) is also a known risk factor for potentially life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. In this , we are presenting a rare case of an immunocompromised patient who had penumonia caused by a concurrent CMV and PCP infections. CASE PRESENTATION: A 53 year-old female patient with history of Rheumatoid Arthritis treated with immunomodulating medications admitted for Shortness of breath, fatigue and tiredness but no fever. COVID-19 and influenza infections (PCR) tests were both negative. At presentation, her WBC was 9900. CT with contrast of her chest showed no embolism, but multi-focal widespread groundglass opacities. Blood culture was negative, MRSA screen was negativetoo, but Fungitell test was positive (with a value of more than 500) and serum LDH test was elevated to 382. CMV quantitaive PCR was elevated to 10,000 copies. A bronchoscopy was done and CMV PCR Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is detected at 650 copies/ ml. A BAL EBV PCR tests was negative. Pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia was detected on BAL Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA). CMV retinitis has been ruled out by an ophthalmology exam. Patient was diagnosed with concurrent CMV and PCP pneumonia infection and her respiratory status worsened mandating a brief ICU stay. Treatment was started with Bactrim, Valganciclovir and Ganciclovir with progressive improvement. In a follow up appointment at the infectious diease clinic two months later, the patient condition improved but was still in need for supplemental oxygen through nasal canula. DISCUSSION: A concurrent CMV and PCP microorganisms lung infection is rare, but patient with underlying immunocompromise constitue a major risk factor for that. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with underlying immuncompromise conditions are at risk of many infections with grave morbidity and mortality risks. Though it is a rare to have a concurrent CMV and PCP lung infection, a patient treated with immunomodulating medications including methotrexate, prednisone and rituximab was a culprit for severe infection. Reference #1: Peghin, M., Hirsch, H. H., Len, Ó., Codina, G., Berastegui, C., Sáez, B., Solé, J., Cabral, E., Solé, A., Zurbano, F., López-Medrano, F., Román, A., & Gavaldá, J. (2016). Epidemiology and immediate indirect effects of respiratory viruses in lung transplant recipients: A 5-year prospective study. American Journal of Transplantation, 17(5), 1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14042 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by MohD Ibrahim
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Introduction: Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) have to receive lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Consequently they are predisposed to life threatening infections. Even though the data on infectious pathologies have been described in KTRs, the data on long term sequalae of such diseases is lacking. Methods: In this single high volume centre we followed up 100 KTRs, who presented to us with signs of infections. Patients presenting with acute drug reaction or toxicity, malignancy, and auto-immune disorders were excluded. Results: Majority of the patients were male (80%) with a median age of 47years and the median duration of follow up is 34 months. Comorbidites were present in majority of patients in the form of hypertension (83%), Diabetes (11%), heart disease (7%). Amongst infections prior to kidney transplant, TB (28%), HCV (11%) and HBV (1%) were the predominant. 33% patients had acute graft dysfunction, which on biopsy showed mostly ATN and was managed conservatively. However one patient had features of CMV viremia, which was managed with iv Valganciclovir. During follow up 57% of patients presented to us with at least one episode of infection, while 24% patients had 3 more episodes of infection during the follow up period. First episode of infection occurred after a median duration of 10 months. The most common infections were UTI (40%), acute gastroenteritis (35%), CMV infections (10%),pyelonephritis (5%), bacterial pneumonia (5%) protozoal infections (2%), COVID (2%). Most of the infections were managed successfully however 10% patients had graft dysfunction and are on maintenance hemodialysis. Conclusions: Infections in KTRs are a serious debilitating condition which affect graft function. Prompt and aggressive treatment is warranted for graft survival. No conflict of interest
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Introduction: Because of the limited donor pool, transplants are being done across the blood group and even HLA incompatibility barriers. But this comes at the cost of increased immunosuppression and the side effects. Effect of this intensified immunosuppression on the incidence of post transplant infections and the type of infection has not been studied extensively. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the incidence of infection in ABO incompatible transplants (ABOi) and compared it with propensity matched cohort of ABO compatible transplants(ABOc) over the same timeframe i.e. 2011 to April 2019. using hospital eHIS record system. Patients were matched with 1:2 ratio (ABOi: ABOc) for age (<60yr, >60yrs),sex, number of previous transplants, pretransplant infections, history of prior immunosuppression, diabetic status, NODAT, and induction agent used. Desensitization protocol for ABO incompatible transplant includes rituximab with double filtration plasmapheresis, plasmapharesis or immunoadsorption to target anti blood group titre of 8. Patient with high immunological risk (e.g.second transplant, HLA incompatible) receive ATG induction while others receive basiliximab induction. Valganciclovir prophylaxis was given only in patients with ATG induction. Results: [Formula presented] [Formula presented] During the study period 89 patients underwent ABOi transplants which were compared with 178 ABOc transplants. (Table1)Mean follow up duration was 50.45months (SD 26.8) in ABOi group and 49.47months (SD28.7) in ABOc group. 17% patients lost to follow up with their last follow up being more than 2 years before. Incidence of overall infections was similar in both the groups (59% (43/89) Vs 44.3% (79/178);p=0.6). (Table2) Incidence of urinary tract infections(UTI)was significantly more in ABOi group vs ABOc group.(23.5% (21/89) vs 11.79% (21/178);p=0.019). Cytomegalovirus infections (CMV) were significantly more in ABOi group 12.3% (11/89) as compared to ABOc group 5% (9/187) (p=0.04). All the patients with CMV infection were CMV IgG positive pretransplant except 2, one from ABOc group who was CMV IgG negative and another from ABOi group who’s pretransplant CMV serology was unavailable. There was no significant difference in incidence of fungal infection, pneumocystis infection, diarrheal infections (other than CMV),pneumonia (other than CMV, PCP, fungal), Herpes, BKV infection. Incidence of post-transplant tuberculosis (3.3% (3/89) Vs 2.8% (5/178);p=1.0) and SARS COV2 infections (12.3% (11/89) vs 9% (16/178);p=0.39 was similar in both the groups. Patient survival was similar in both the groups i.e.95.5% but death censored graft loss was significantly more in ABOi group 0.9% (8/89) as compared ABOc group 0.3% (5/178) p=0.03. Reason of graft loss in all the patients was immunological and not infection. Infection was cause for death in three ABOi patients and four ABOc patients. Conclusions: Overall incidence of infections in ABOi transplants was similar to Abo compatible transplant. Incidence of UTIs and CMV infections were significantly higher in ABOi group. No conflict of interest
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5% of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) by coronavirus 2 disease (COVID-19) develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) resulting in a high mortality rate. A 36-year-old male patient with a history of renal transplant from a related living donor presented with fever of 39oC, asthenia, adynamia, myalgias and arthralgias. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for (COVID-19) was performed, as well as computerized axial tomography (CAT) of the thorax with a finding of CO-RADS 5, he developed greater respiratory insufficiency requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, cultures were obtained with the result of quantitative PCR/DNAc cytomegalovirus (CMV): 554 copies/mL, valganciclovir 900 mg was started, with the patient presenting adequate evolution until mechanical ventilation was withdrawn. Co-infection by CMV and SARS-CoV-2 at pulmonary level should be clinically suspected in the context of pneumonia in the immucompromised patient, favoring the correct and timely treatment that allows complete recovery of the patient.
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Introdução: O Bortezomibe (Velcade®) é um inibidor do proteassoma, especificamente do proteassoma 26S, cuja ligação irreversível leva à ativação de cascatas de sinalização que culminam com a parada do ciclo celular e apoptose. Ele foi aprovado e incluído como quimioterapia de primeira linha nas Diretrizes Diagnósticas e Terapêuticas do Mieloma Múltiplo (Portaria n.° 2017) publicadas em agosto de 2015 mas apenas em setembro de 2020 foram publicadas três Portarias do Ministério da Saúde que incorporaram este medicamento para o tratamento de pacientes com Mieloma Múltiplo no SUS (para pacientes não tratados, inelegíveis ao transplante de células-tronco;para pacientes não tratados, elegíveis ao transplante e para pacientes previamente tratados). Esta incorporação permitiu o uso mais amplo desta medicação e trouxe à tona complicações possivelmente relacionadas ao seu uso como a reativação de citomegalovírus e suas diversas formas de apresentação clínica como pneumonites, infecções gastrointestinais, hepatites, encefalites, retinites, entre outras. Série de casos: No ano de 2020, foram identificados 5 casos de infecção por citomegalovírus em pacientes em tratamento de Mieloma Múltiplo e Amiloidose em uso de esquemas quimioterápicos contendo Bortezomibe no serviço de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto/SP. Três casos foram identificados na investigação etiológica de diarréia subaguda, um foi identificado na estratificação de colite neutropênica com características enteroinvasivas e o último na investigação de pneumonite aguda com sinais de infecção viral em tomografia de tórax (neste caso, foi excluída infecção por Covid-19 após dois testes PCR-RT negativos). Em todos os casos, após identificação da infecção por CMV (por sorologia - Elisa e confirmação de carga viral por PCR-RT), foi instituída terapêutica específica com antiviral, tanto Ganciclovir endovenoso quanto Valganciclovir via oral. Apesar da alta morbimortalidade associada a esta infecção em pacientes imunossuprimidos, apenas um dos cinco pacientes faleceu de complicações associadas. Discussão: A soroprevalência elevada de infecção por citomegalovírus no Brasil está relacionada a fatores socioeconômicos e condições precárias de saneamento básico e aumenta a morbimortalidade em pacientes imunossuprimidos. O uso mais frequente do Bortezomibe como primeira linha em pacientes com Mieloma Múltiplo e Amiloidose no nosso serviço e no Brasil traz à tona este agente como diagnóstico diferencial nas suspeitas clínicas infecciosas de diversos órgãos e sistemas.
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Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is known to cause symptomatic disease in immunocompromised individuals. We present a rare case of CMV myopericarditis with findings of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) thought to be from the procoagulant effect of CMV in an immunocompetent middle-aged female. Case: 55-year-old female who presented to the ED for chest pain. Found to have non-specific EKG changes in V4-V6, troponin and COVID negative. TTE with EF 68% and pericardial effusion. ESR and CRP were elevated. Started on treatment for viral myopericarditis with colchicine, unfortunately developed diarrhea and was switched to high dose aspirin. CT coronary angiogram was performed to rule out ischemia. Calcium score of 0 and non-obstructive CAD in the LAD. CT also showed a new acute PE with no RV strain and she was started on Xarelto for anticoagulation. Infectious work up was performed, serum CMV IgM positive and CMV DNA of 18,205 copies. Oral valganciclovir was started for a total 21-day course for CMV myopericarditis. Patient was discharged with improvement of symptoms and plan for follow up with infectious diseases and cardiology for follow-up cardiac MRI. Decision-making: Symptomatic CMV infection is common in immunocompromised individuals. Immunocompetent patients that present with pulmonary embolism are far fewer. Cardiovascular complications have only been mentioned a handful of times in literature. In addition, and to the best of our knowledge, this is only the second known description of a patient to experience both myo-pericarditis and pulmonary embolism simultaneously from a symptomatic CMV infection. Conclusion: It is important for clinicians to be aware of this rare presentation of CMV, adding this to the differential diagnosis when an immunocompetent patient presents with symptoms concerning for viral pericarditis and/or evidence of pulmonary embolus.
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TYPE: Case Report TOPIC: Chest Infections INTRODUCTION: Cytomegalovirus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients.CMV is an important cause of pneumoina in lung transplant patients too. Pneumocytis Jiroveci (PCP) can casue a potentially life-threatening infection in immunocompromised individuals, especially HIV patients or transplant patients. In our we are presenting a rare case of an immunocompromised patient with penumonia who was infected concurrently with CMV and PCP. CASE PRESENTATION: A 53 year-old female patient with history of Rheumatoid Arthritis treated with methotrexate, prednisone and rituximab presented to the emergency room with fatigue and tiredness but no fever. She was tested for COVID-19 and influenza infections (PCR) and both were negative. At presentation, her WBC was 9900. CT with contrast of the chest showed no embolism but multi-focal ground glass opacities. Pulmonary and infectious disease teams were consulted. Blood culture was negative, MRSA screen was negative, Fungitell was positive, LDH test was elevated to 382. CMV quantitaive PCR of 10,000 copies. CMV PCR BAL is detected at 650 copies/ ml, and EBV PCR tests was negative. Pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia was detected on BAL DFA. Fungitell waqs more than 500. CMV retinitis has been ruled out by ophthalmology exam. Patient was diagnosed with concurrent infections. Pt was started on Bactrim, valganciclovir PO and intravenous ganciclovir with improvement in her condition. DISCUSSION: It is rare to have a concurrent pneumonia infection caused by Pneumocytis Jiroveci and CMV except in immunocompromised patients. CONCLUSIONS: A concurrent Pneumocystis Jiroveci and CMV pneumonia is a rare infection but could occur in immunocompromised patients. DISCLOSURE: Nothing to declare.